(1952)
(18581027â€?913822)1î˜?/span>â€?/font>â€?/font>Kaiî€?/span>Senâ€?/font>â€â€?/font>â€â€?/font>â€â€?/font>â€?/font>2î˜?/span>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>ä»Õd¤–务部ã€å¦éƒ¨å±žâ€?/font>â€?/font>
19703î˜?/span>36åQ‰ç‰12018731208470%4047%4å”国安åˆå…¥åº·æ¶…ç‹„æ ¼å·žå“ˆç‰¹¼›å¯då¸?/span>(Hartford)61881
�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>5�/span>
1905(South China Journal)1907116�/span>�/font>�/font>7�/span>
19071908�/font>�/font>118�/span>
1909213â€?/font>â€?International Opium Conference)â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>14â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>9î˜?/span>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>10清åŽ191150â€?/font>â€?/font>î˜?/span>
144532248%142001904�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>3712�/sup>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>13�/span> 1907(Arthur H. Smith)(Edmund J. James�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>11�/span>961�/span>131.12 ) 192614�/span>1908190910050194032
�/font>�/font>1911?�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>250200�/font>�/font>400 15�/span> 19108�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>16�/span>?�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>?�/font>�/font>17�/span>
�/font>�/font>19098630471020�/font>�Springfield,�/font>�/font>�/font>�Massachusetts�/font>�/font>18�/span> �/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�sup>19�/span>
1910770,81911663719113121914820�/span> �/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>499,7321�/span>
�/font>�/font>—�/font>1909�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>19101911�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>191123184141(�/font>�/font>143468(1911429)
准,它实际上是一所皇家储æ‰å¦æ ¡åQ?/span>22 â€?/font>â€?/font>“Tsing Hua Imperial Collegeâ€?23î˜?/span> â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>24î˜?/span>
191119109191119116191132019101911(1909-1913)
�/font>??�sup>25�/sup>
8�/font>�/font>26101112�/font>�/font>12�/font>�/font>27�o:p>
1912123�/font>�/font>228�/span>45129�/span>
523191129(1909914)�/font>�sup>30�/span>(1931)�/font>�/font>�/font>�/span>31�/span>
19121017
(19112)�/font>�/font>19119�/font>�/font>1912�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>
(190981910719116(19113)12�415�832�/span> �/font>�/font>
�/font>�/font>1914�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>33�/span>191234�/span>
(Junior College)1911914·35�/span>1914192236�/span>191437�/span>
1911191138�/span>
�/font>�/font>(1912)822
�/font>若]�/span>39�o:p>
(1913)
â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€?/font>â€â€?/font> â€?sup>40î˜?o:p>
(1917)�/font>(1913)�/span>41�/span>
?�/font>�/font>42�/span>�/font>�/font>1913480450200120020
1913�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>(1913)821�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>
�/font>�sup>43�o:p>
54�/font>�1925�926�/font>�/font>44�o:p>
3020�/font>�/font>45�/span>
�/font>�/font>�/font>�/font>46�/sup>�/font>�sup>47�/span>�/font>�/font>�/font>�sup>48�/span>
49�/sup>
�/font>�sup>50�/span>
2000òq?span lang="EN-US">12æœ?span lang="EN-US">
*åQˆæœ¬æ–‡æ’°å†™è¿‡½E‹æ›¾å¾—到清åŽå¤§å¦æ¡£æ¡ˆé¦†é™ˆ¿U‰ä¸ã€é¢œå®æž«åQŒå›½å®¶å›¾ä¹¦é¦†æ¢çˆ±æ°‘ã€çŽ‹å¬?/span>åQŒå…¨å›½æ”¿åæ–‡å²åŠžæ½˜å¿—å†›ï¼Œç æ“v市政å唿¦•è¾¾ã€æ¢æŒ¯å…´½{‰åŒå¿—的支æŒå助åQŒåƈ得到清åŽå¤§å¦æ ¡å²ç ”究室黄延å¤ã€å™æ•¦æ’教授的指å¯û|¼Œè°¨è‡´è¡·å¿ƒè°¢æ„åQ)(j¨ª)
注释
[1] 唿œ‰æ·¦ã€å”仕进åQšã€Šå”å›½å®‰ã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šç ‹¹·ähç‰©ä¼ ã€‹ï¼ˆä¸‹å†ŒåQ‰ç¬¬åQ•1™åµï¼Œç æ“v市政åç¼–åQŒå¹¿ä¸œäh民出版社åQ?/span>1993òq?/span>
[2] é‚?/span> 椿:(x¨¬)ã€Šæ¸…åŽæ•™è‚²æ”¿½{–çš„˜q›æ¥ã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šæ¸…åŽå¤§å¦å²æ–™é€‰ç¼–》(以下½Ž€¿U°ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》)(j¨ª)åQˆä¸€åQ‰ï¼Œ½W?/span>270™åµï¼Œæ¸…åŽå¤§å¦å‡ºç‰ˆ½C¾ï¼Œ1991òqß_(d¨¢)¼›
陈鹤çß_(d¨¢)¼š(x¨¬)《我的åŠç”Ÿã€‹ç¬¬49™åµï¼Œå²³éº“书社åQ?/span>1998òqß_(d¨¢)¼›
æž—å勋:(x¨¬)《ä¸å›½ç•™å¦æ•™è‚²å²ã€‹ï¼Œ½W?/span>254â€?55™åµï¼Œå°æ¹¾åŽå†ˆå‡ºç‰ˆæœ‰é™å…¬å¸åQ?/span>1976òq?/span>
[3] å?/span>î˜?î˜?之林åå‹‹åQšã€Šä¸å›½ç•™å¦æ•™è‚²å²ã€‹ç¬¬20™å?/span>
[4] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>åQŒç¬¬26™å?/span>
[5] é¢œæƒ åº†ï¼š(x¨¬)ã€Šè‡ªä¼ ã€‹ï¼Œè½½å°æ¹¾ã€Šä¼ è®°æ–‡å¦ã€‹ç¬¬18åïL(f¨¥ng)¬¬4期第16™å?/span>
[6] 严 桢:(x¨¬)《å”å›½å®‰å…ˆç”Ÿä¼ ç•¥ã€‹ï¼Œè½½å°æ¹¾ã€Šå›½å²é¦†çŽ°è—æ°‘å›½äººç‰©ä¼ è®°å²æ–™æ±‡ç¼–》第15辑第279™åµï¼Œå›½å²é¦†ç¼–åŽÍ¼Œ1996òq?/span>
[7] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>åQŒç¬¬17™å?/span>
[8] 毓 朗:(x¨¬)《日记》,è§ã€Šè¿°å¾ïL(f¨¥ng)¬”è®°ã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šæ™šæ¸…æ°‘åˆæ”¿å›ç™¾æ€ã€‹ç¬¬240™åµï¼Œå››å·äººæ°‘出版½C?/span>,1999òq?/span>
[9] å”国安:(x¨¬)《万国ç¦çƒŸä¼š(x¨¬)上的演说》,载《清末民åˆçš„¼›çƒŸ˜q动和万国ç¦çƒŸä¼š(x¨¬)》第110™åµï¼Œä¸Šæ“v市档案馆¾~–,上æ“v¿U‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯æ–‡çŒ®å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾åQ?/span>1996òq?/span>
[10] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>åQŒç¬¬279™å?/span>
[11] 刘师舜:(x¨¬)《五å年的一点尞®å›žå¿†ã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šè€æ¸…åŽçš„æ•…事》第224™åµï¼Œæ±Ÿè‹æ–‡è‰ºå‡ºç‰ˆ½C?/span>
[12] çŽ‹æ ‘(w¨¨i)æ§ï¼š(x¨¬)《庚åèµ”‹Æ¾ã€‹ç¬¬271™åµï¼Œå?/span>
æ¹¾ä¸å¤®ç ”½I‰™™¢˜q‘代å²ç ”½I¶æ‰€¾~–å°åQ?/span>1974òq?/span>
[13] å?/span>î˜?2î˜?/font>åQŒç¬¬289™å?/span>
[14] 曹云¼œ¥ï¼š(x¨¬)《清åŽå¦æ ¡ä¹‹˜q‡åŽ»çŽ°åœ¨å?qi¨¢ng)å°†æ¥ã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬36â€?7™å?/span>
[15] 《游¾ŸŽå¦åС处ä»ÖMº‹äººå‘˜å衔薪水数目清å•》,载《选编》(一åQ‰ç¬¬åQ‘18™å?/span>
[16] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>50™å?/span>
[17]î˜?/font>胡光?åQšã€Šä¸å›½çŽ°ä»£åŒ–çš„åŽ†½E‹ã€‹ï¼Œ½W?/span>76™åµï¼Œå°æ¹¾è”ç»å‡ºç‰ˆäº‹ä¸šå…¬å¸æ€È»é”€åQ?/span>1992òq?/span>7æœ?/span>
[18] 《外务部ä¼?x¨¬)好W¬ä¸€‹Æ¡é£‹z‘֦生到¾ŸŽå…¥å¦æƒ…å½¢ã€?/span>(1909òq?/span>)åQŒè²ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬131â€?32™å?/span>
[19] ã€Šå¤–åŠ¡éƒ¨é€’ç‰‡å¥æŠ˜ã€‹ï¼Œ1910òq?/span>3æœ?/span>11日,载《选编》(一åQ‰ç¬¬7â€?™å?/span>
[20] å?/span>î˜?7î˜?/font>åQŒç¬¬77â€?1™å?/span>
[21] å?/span>î˜?2î˜?/font>½W?/span>316™å?/span>
[22] 《ç¦çƒŸä¼š(x¨¬)å„国代表衔å》,è§ã€Šå—林西报》注é‡?/span>(3),å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>63â€?4™å?/span>
[23] é™¶è‘†æ¥øP¼š(x¨¬)ã€Šæ—§æ¸…åŽæ‚忆》,载《世¾Uªæ¸…åŽã€‹ç¬¬40™åµï¼Œå…‰æ˜Žæ—¥æŠ¥å‡ºç‰ˆ½C¾ï¼Œ1998òq?/span>
[24] 《清åŽå¹´æŠ¥ã€?/span>(1925â€?926òq?/span>)ã€ã€Šæ¸…åŽå¹´åˆŠã€‹ï¼Œ1927òqß_(d¨¢)¼Œè½½ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬35™åµï¼Œ½W?/span>272™å?/span>
[25] 清åŽå¤§å¦æ¡£æ¡ˆ1â€?â€?
[26] 《清åŽç•¥è§ˆã€?/span>(1923òq?/span>)åQŒè²ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬27™å?/span>
[27] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>280™å?/span>
[28]ã€Šæ ¡åŒÓ€‹ï¼Œ1931òqß_(d¨¢)¼Œè½½ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬45™å?/span>
[29]åQŒåŒî˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>280™å?/span>
î˜?[0] 范溋Ȃ:(x¨¬)《清åŽåˆ›åŠžä¹‹æƒ…åŞ》,è§ã€Šæ¸…åŽå¤§å¦æ ¡å²ç¨¿ã€‹ç¬¬20™åµï¼Œæ¸…åŽå¤§å¦æ ¡å²¾~–写¾l„编著,ä¸åŽä¹¦å±€,1981òq?/span>
[31] å?/span>î˜?8î˜?/font>½W?/span>48™å?/span>
[32] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>之陈鹤ç´åQšã€Šæˆ‘çš„åŠç”Ÿã€‹ç¬¬48™å?/span>
[33] 《北京清åŽå¦æ ¡è¿‘ç« ã€‹ï¼Œ1914òqß_(d¨¢)¼Œè½½ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬166â€?68™å?/span>
[34] 《清åŽå¤§å¦æ ¡å²ç¨¿ã€‹ï¼Œ1981òqß_(d¨¢)¼Œ½W?/span>40™å?/span>
[35] å?/span>î˜?2î˜?/font>½W?/span>67â€?8™å?/span>
[36] 潘光旦:(x¨¬)《谈留美生活》,载《ä¸å’Œä½è‚ŒÓ€‹ç¬¬93™åµï¼Œä¸å›½äººæ°‘大å¦å‡ºç‰ˆ½C¾ï¼Œ1999òq?/span>
[37] å?/span>î˜?3î˜?/font>åQŒè²ã€Šé€‰ç¼–》(一åQ‰ç¬¬159â€?68™å?/span>
[38] 清åŽå¤§å¦æ¡£æ¡ˆ1â€?â€?
[39] å?/span>î˜?8î˜?o:p>
[40] å?/span>î˜?8î˜?o:p>
[41] 转引自林å勋《ä¸å›½ç•™å¦æ•™è‚²å²ã€‹ç¬¬259™å?/span>
[42] 刘桂生:(x¨¬)《清åŽå›æº¯æºã€‹ï¼Œè½½ã€Šæ¸…åŽæ ¡å‹é€šè®¯ã€‹å¤2期,1980òqß_(d¨¢)¼›
黄åšgå¤ï¼š(x¨¬)《清åŽå›å²æ–°è¯ã€‹ï¼Œè½½æ¸…åŽã€Šæ ¡å‹æ–‡½E¿èµ„料选编》第二辑åQ?/span>1993òqß_(d¨¢)¼›
¾|— ‹‚®ï¼š(x¨¬)《æ‚忆清åŽå›ã€‹ï¼Œè½½æ¸…åŽã€Šæ ¡å‹æ–‡½E¿èµ„料选编》第七辑åQ?/span>2001òq?/span>
[43] 清åŽå¤§å¦æ¡£æ¡ˆ1â€?â€?
[44] å?/span>î˜?8î˜?/font>½W?/span>48™å?/span>
[45] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>259™å?/span>
[46] å?/span>î˜?4î˜?/font>½W?/span>35™å?/span>
[47] å?/span>î˜?2î˜?/font>½W?/span>49™å?/span>
[48] è‹äº‘å³?/span>:《曹云祥åQšæ¸…åŽæ”¹åˆ¶å‡å¤§å’Œæ•™æŽˆæ²ÀL ¡çš„å¥ åŸÞZhã€‹ï¼Œè½½å°æ¹¾ä¸ç ”院˜q‘代å²ç ”½I¶æ‰€ã€Šè¿‘代ä¸å›½å²äººç‰©è®ºæ–‡é›†ã€‹ç¬¬577™åµï¼Œ1993òq?/span>
[49] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>278™å?/span>
[50] å?/span>î˜?î˜?/font>½W?/span>280™å?/span>